#討論歷史上的巨擘戈巴契夫逝世享壽 91 歲 | 頭板

Mikhail Gorbachev, former Soviet president who took down the Iron Curtain, dies 米哈伊爾·戈巴契夫 —— 擊垮冷戰鐵幕的前蘇聯領導人 —— 逝世＊Iron Curtain 鐵幕：冷戰時期的專有名詞，意指蘇聯共產及美國民主的界線。 By Susannah Cullinane and Laura Smith-Spark, CNN Updated 2250 GMT (0650 HKT) August 30, 2022 https://i.imgur.com/1TjX8kZ.jpg (CNN)Mikhail Gorbachev -- the last leader of the former Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991 -- has died at the age of 91. 米哈伊爾·戈巴契夫 ——1985至1991 的前蘇維埃政權末期領導人 —— 享壽 91 歲。 Gorbachev died after a long illness, Russian state news agencies reported. "Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev died this evening after a severe and prolonged illness," the Central Clinical Hospital said, according to RIA Novosti Tuesday. The man credited with introducing key political and economic reforms to the USSR and helping to end the Cold War had been in failing health for some time. Russian President Vladimir Putin expressed his condolences, Putin's spokesman, Dmitry Peskov, told RIA Novosti. Putin will send a message on Wednesday to Gorbachev's family and friends, RIA Novosti added. 戈巴契夫在受長期疾病折磨後逝世，俄羅斯新聞署表示。「在受長期嚴重病痛折磨之後，米哈伊爾·謝爾蓋耶維奇·戈巴契夫在今晚逝世。」中央臨床醫院說道，根據星期二俄羅斯新聞社（RIA Novosti）資料。這位被認為是蘇聯政治與經濟改革關鍵的重要推手以及終結冷戰的偉大人物健康狀態已經每況愈下。俄羅斯總統弗拉迪米爾·普丁表達哀悼之意，根據普丁發言人 Dmitry Peskov 告訴國家新聞署所言。俄羅斯新聞署補充，普丁將會在星期三與戈巴契夫家屬以及朋友們聯絡。 With his outgoing, charismatic nature, Gorbachev broke the mold for Soviet leaders who until then had mostly been remote, icy figures. Almost from the start of his leadership, he strove for significant reforms, so the system would work more efficiently and more democratically. Hence the two key phrases of the Gorbachev era: "glasnost" (openness) and "perestroika" (restructuring). 對於他外向且有魅力的個人特質，戈巴契夫打破一直以來蘇維埃領導人的模板 —— 冰冷的人物特質，與過去領導人個性相去最遠。幾乎在戈巴契夫一開始掌權時，他就奮力爭取重大改革的可能性，這樣才讓國家運作的更有效率以及民主性。因此，有兩個關鍵重點可以概括戈巴契夫時代的影響：開放性以及新思維改革。＊Glasnost 以及 Perestroika (都大寫）專有名詞都專指 1990 年代蘇聯改革開放的新思維，這兩字非常難所以連英文都有註明。 "I began these reforms and my guiding stars were freedom and democracy, without bloodshed. So the people would cease to be a herd led by a shepherd. They would become citizens," he later said. He will be buried next to his wife at the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow, RIA Novosti reported citing the Gorbachev Foundation. 「我開始推動改革而且我的思想指引就是自由以及民主，最重要的是沒有流血衝突。所以人們會停止對於像羊群對牧羊人般的盲從。他們將會成為公民。」他之後說道。俄羅斯新聞署根據戈巴契夫基金會所言，他將會埋葬在他妻子的旁邊，座立於莫斯科新聖母公墓。 From farm labor to party's rising star 從農場工人到政黨的明日之星 Gorbachev had humble beginnings: He was born into a peasant family on March 2, 1931 near Stavropol, and as a boy, he did farm labor along with his studies, working with his father who was a combine harvester operator. In later life, Gorbachev said he was "particularly proud of my ability to detect a fault in the combine instantly, just by the sound of it." 戈巴契夫的起點是白手起家：他出生於 1931 年 3 月 2 日的一個鄰近於 Stavropol 的小農家庭，而且當他還是個小男孩時，他以半工半讀的方式權衡在課業以及農場工務之間，與他爸爸操作收割機一起完成農務。在他晚年，戈巴契夫說他「特別對於他的偵錯直覺的能力引以為榮，而且只靠聲音就可以辦到。」 He became a member of the Communist Party in 1952 and completed a law degree at Moscow University in 1955. It was here that he met -- and married -- fellow student Raisa Titarenko. During the early 1960s, Gorbachev became head of the agriculture department for the Stavropol region. By the end of the decade he had risen to the top of the party hierarchy in the region. He came to the attention of Mikhail Suslov and Yuri Andropov, members of the Politburo, the principal policy-setting body of the Communist Part of the Soviet Union, who got him elected to the Central Committee in 1971 and arranged foreign trips for their rising star. 他在 1952 年成為共產黨的一員並且在 1955 年在莫斯科大學完成法律學位。這就是他遇到摯愛的地方 —— 同班同學 Raisa Titarenko 。在 1960 年代早期，戈巴契夫成為在 Stavropol 地區的農業部部長。在 1960 年代末期，他已經躍升至地方政黨的高層。 In 1978, Gorbachev was back in Moscow, and the next year he was chosen as a candidate member of the Politburo. His stewardship of Soviet agriculture was not a success. As he came to realize, the collective system was fundamentally flawed in more than one way. A full Politburo member since 1980, Gorbachev became more influential in 1982 when his mentor, Andropov, succeeded Leonid Brezhnev as general secretary of the party. He built a reputation as an enemy of corruption and inefficiency, finally rising to the top party spot in March 1985. https://i.imgur.com/fgS6Z6T.jpg Mikhail Gorbachev, seen in 1984, when he was a Russian Politburo member and second in line at the Kremlin. 'A man one can do business with' Hoping to shift resources to the civilian sector of the Soviet economy, Gorbachev began to argue in favor of an end to the arms race with the West. However, throughout his six years in office, Gorbachev always seemed to be moving too fast for the party establishment -- which saw its privileges threatened -- and too slow for more radical reformers, who hoped to do away with the one-party state and the command economy. Desperately trying to stay in control of the reform process, he seemed to have underestimated the depth of the economic crisis. He also seemed to have had a blind spot for the power of the nationality issue: Glasnost created ever-louder calls for independence from the Baltics and other Soviet republics in the late 1980s. He was successful in foreign policy, but primarily from an international perspective, with other world leaders taking note. Former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher called him "a man one can do business with." In 1986, face to face with American President Ronald Reagan at a summit in Reykjavik, Iceland, Gorbachev made a stunning proposal: eliminate all long-range missiles held by the United States and the Soviet Union. It was the beginning of the end of the Cold War. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1990 "for his leading role in the peace process which today characterizes important parts of the international community." The pact that resulted, the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, endured as a pillar of arms control for three decades until, in 2019, the United States formally withdrew and the Russian government said it had been consigned to the trash can. https://i.imgur.com/zXfQGf1.jpg Gorbachev speaks during a visit to Ottawa, Canada in 1990. Source from CNN News https://edition.cnn.com/2022/08/30/europe/mikhail-gorbachev-dies-intl/index.html CNN 常常把人物的心路歷程寫出來我先把即時資訊重點翻出來如果想要看他的故事可以自己看得懂就不用理我這裡的廢話看不懂我有空會慢慢翻我好奇的是普丁說要打電話給戈巴契夫家屬慰問他要說什麼😂XD 普丁恨不得戈巴契夫趕快死吧還是是建中普丁代班（（雖然棄建中去衛理了哭哭