Noise is one of the most ubiquitous environmental pollutants, as suggested by reports from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the European Environment Agency (EEA) that noise exposure is a major public health threat affecting both physical and mental health. In the European Union alone, estimates indicate that at least 20% of the urban population are affected by the harmful effects of road traffic noise. Consequently, long-term transportation noise levels result in at least 18 million people being highly noise annoyed and further 5 million suffering from high sleep disturbances. In addition, the WHO reported a loss of more than 1.6 million healthy life years annually due to environmental noise exposure in Western European countries. Importantly, annoyance and sleep disturbance are proposed as key drivers of noise-associated non-communicable disease (NCD) onset and progression including both physical and mental health conditions. Indeed, noise exposure has been implicated in a wide range of major NCDs including cardiovascular disease, metabolic disease, cancer, and respiratory disease. We recently reviewed the cerebral consequences of environmental noise exposure in detail, suggesting that noise exposure could be an important but largely unrecognized risk factor for neuropsychiatric outcomes. However, in contrast to the well-established effects of noise exposure on major NCDs, and particularly on cardiovascular disease, its effects on mental health have not been mapped in detail. This is also reflected by the omission of the quantitative details of the harms of noise on mental health consequences in reports by the WHO or the EEA. This is of concern as mental health disorders may contribute substantially to the burden of disease in the population exposed to noise. Thus, this compact review on mental health identifies some areas of future research by evaluating recent findings from human and animal studies.
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